Critical Issues in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Basic Issues in Marketing - Essay Example (BRASSINGTON, Frances, 2006) Every single one of the four P's is a variable that is overseen in making of the promoting mix that draws clients towards organization. (CANT, M. C., 2009) This paper thus underlines on the five basic issues in the advanced showcasing rehearses that are broadly recognized as culture sticking, self improvement, grocery stores, counter culture and selling of VIP. The expression Culture sticking alludes to a social sass by changing to the language of found out force. (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) The procedure contains playing with essential structures of communiqu and interfaces like banners, boards, official language, convention, spaces and symbolism (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) and spiraling them back against its maker. A subverted note could contain study of the first or might align with a novel political message for example Class War: Just Do It. (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) Usually, culture sticking is considered as efficient as it is a speedy activity on a current notice with need of simply a marker. It equally includes the structure of expert media, requiring the prevalence of multifaceted graphical plan and copywriting. Culture sticking had brought a modern whirl to an extended inheritance of court joking, stubborn parody and jokey upheavals of the general public. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) In contrast to its predecessors, in spite of the fact that, this cutting edge nonconformist game is taken part chiefly with signs and images in the network that has just drawn nearer to be swarm by them. (SOLOMON, Michael R., 2003) The stage for the emergence of culture sticking was laid in the mid twentieth century as mass creation; mass use and mass haulage set its foot in Europe and North America. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) The pace passed on with these inventive developments formed a surge of data driving route for industrialized civic establishments to look for and develop extra able codes of message to adapt to everything making representative languages more basic than any time in recent memory and brought forth incalculable novel emblematic code from road map insignias to business logos, all proposed to create quick feeling of bit by bit increasingly multifaceted data. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) In the point of reference two decades, culture sticking has gotten on far away and wide range, credit to

Opening Ceremony Company

Opening Ceremony Company Channel Overview Opening Ceremony is a claim to fame store situated in West Hollywood. The channel type that I picked is the physical (blocks and cement) claim to fame store. The West Hollywood store is a shop that bargains in style, craftsmanship, and voyaging products.Advertising We will compose a custom coursework test on Opening Ceremony Company explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The store has additionally shrewdly revealed a customary customer communication technique as a component of its business channel. This component rotates around putting away cash by offering one of a kind and different items to clients who purchase in the store. Also, the Opening Ceremony’s clients have better proposals because of steady and appealing rebate. The store has consistently tried to give quality items and administrations to clients. The store at present offers direct deals to its customers inside commendable guidelines of adaptability. Clearly, the accomplishment of the physical strength store channel shapes the method of reasoning for this examination. This channel has been modified to guarantee that customers are served inside the most solid and proficient techniques. The achievement of the channel could be credited to its associations and quality confirmation to its assorted client fragments. I am keen on this kind of store due to the interesting product classifications it conveys. Furthermore, I need to run a store like this later on. Foundation of Opening Ceremony in West Hollywood The Opening Ceremony store was established in New York by UC Berkeley graduates Carol Lim and Humberto in the year 2002 as a joint organization adventure. After an outing to Hong Kong, the dynamic team chose to begin the organization through the reconciliation of the Olympic Games statement of purpose, which is to embrace a global methodology to their retail business. The organization is eminent for retailing family unit and rising style plans. The plans go from realized brands to little brands that are developing in the local and worldwide market. The Opening Ceremony has branches in New York (central station), Los Angeles, Tokyo, and London. Every year, the store in West Hollywood, Los Angeles has exercises that exhibit the creativity and nature of stocks structure various nations over the world because of it solid association approach in showcase development. Accordingly, the master store has had the option to proactively change the Los Angeles store into an open and sweeping business sector for global limit and fascinating souvenirs.Advertising Looking for coursework on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Over the years, the organization has been steady in development inside its business crucial investigation and fellowship, working with a group of supporters of produce an inventive domain that ranges a long ways past the style world† (Opening Ceremo ny standard 3). Among the teaming up brands that have caused the Opening Ceremony to extend its extent of tasks to incorporate â€Å"Rodarte, Topshop, Pendleton, and Maison Martin Margiela† (Opening Ceremony standard 3). The most eminent undertakings that are completed by the Los Angeles store incorporate â€Å"Spike Jonze, Terence Koh, and Chloã « Sevigny† (Opening Ceremony standard 4). Because of the reliable development throughout the years, the store in West Hollywood has gotten famous with clients inside the age of 15 and 40 years. Client support Philosophy and Programs The store works from 8.00 am to 8.00pm consistently. The most striking CRM methodology embraced by the Opening Ceremony is the contact the executives since it gives a choice emotionally supportive network to choose the best market access on appropriateness, circulation structure, and coordination of contact channels among the clients. The contact the executives framework in the store appears as Debit card administrations and a 12-hour call focus to associate with their clients (from 8.00am to 8.00pm) (Opening Ceremony standard 3). This framework is continually redesigned through worth â€added administrations. Keeping these channels limited has helped the store to support client trust in protecting their points of interest. So as to ensure consumer loyalty, the Opening Ceremony’s contact the executives framework is assembled utilizing standard working systems to advance consistency in preparing client requests and every single other channel. The more the consistency, the more the data that can be shared among different channels making more business assets to be utilized in client assistance conveyance. For example, the Opening Ceremony’s call focus has been fruitful in tending to customer worries in a convenient and expert manner (Best Buy, standard. 5). Opening Ceremony has utilized the slow poke activism procedure to catch the worldwide market, yet in a ddition jump its predominant rivals. The store works on the Customer-to-Customer (C2C) stage and Business-to-Business (B2B) stages. Subsequently, the Opening Ceremony has infiltrated the design showcase because of a parity in components, for example, the Western business style, worldwide business approach, and adaptable business channel. So as to infiltrate the growing business sector, Opening Ceremony’s business stage incorporates administrations, for example, premium client experience, smaller help from the neighborhood network, and low charges for steadfast customer.Advertising We will compose a custom coursework test on Opening Ceremony Company explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, the Customer-to-Customer stage embraced by Opening Ceremony has made and effectively actualized the advertising methodology to guarantee client faithfulness and market extension. The company’s item multi-marking as a situating system has empowered it to endu re rivalry. For example, the immediate shopping is followed to address the individual client needs. In addition, the organization has figured out how to adjust the components of immaterialness, indivisibility, and heterogeneity during the 4Ps of its market blend because of improved item perceivability for each target client section (Rai 23). The objective of these CRM techniques at the Opening Ceremony is to focus on the neighborhood advertise through utilization of an open-framework plan of action. The technique was intended to exploit the test of ‘smallness’ when contrasted with other goliath claim to fame stores offering comparable items. The store relies upon the shut framework approach in execution of its business techniques. Not at all like different stores which built up a fixed passage technique in the market that was portrayed by carelessness and idleness, the Opening Ceremony was bundled as a modest and adaptable design items exchanging stage (Opening Ceremo ny standard 5). The Opening Ceremony store has made the shopping experience a simple assignment with its methodology of all-under-one-rooftop, from eminent planner items to up and coming fashioner items. A client is in a situation to truly discover a wide range of style items inside a solitary area. This saves money on time other than permitting a client to get ready for a solitary shopping action that covers for all their needs. To help this crucial, store has one of the most appealing prize designs for its steadfast clients through shopping focuses that are redeemable, occasional limits, and yearly rewards. For example, the store has uncommon advancements and limits on vacations, for example, Christmas Day, Thanksgiving Day, Independence Day, Black Friday, and spring deal. What's more, the store has extraordinary vouchers that target corporate associations and private clients. The offers are as value, quality, and amount. The store has a 24 hour merchandise exchange for merchandis e sold as long as the item is returned in its past condition (Opening Ceremony standard 7). In outline, the Opening Ceremony has the best CRM techniques since they are fused in the disconnected client the executives frameworks. For example, appropriation of the half and half arrangement of client care the executives by the Opening Ceremony is intended to guarantee direct contact with clients inside the most limited time conceivable. The mixture framework is extremely effective in contact the board and inspirational mentality consolation at the store.Advertising Searching for coursework on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Representative Relations, Philosophy and Programs In the Opening Ceremony store, there is a set down structure planned so as to keep its staff in sound and stable psyche in their obligation of serving the store’s intrigue. A steady brain performs ideally with practically zero oversight. In accordance with this, store consistently work close by its staff to advance solid working propensities by perceiving and where important supporting staff that make a consistent duty in rehearsing acknowledged attractive sound propensities in their work office. At the Opening Ceremony store, programs are intermittently planned in accordance with destinations and objectives for continued glad representative manager relationship. The strategies utilized at the Opening Ceremony incorporate direct cooperation by the representatives, who after communication with one another recognize solidness and healthy working environment intercessions, and advancement of wellbeing association culture through v arious preparing programs (Opening Ceremony standard 8). The Opening Ceremony store has appealing business paid advantages that offer wellbeing spread, mileage, work pay, retirement, and handicap among others. The pay plan for the Opening Ceremony moves ideal execution through employment fulfillment since the all out yearly pay and various advantages are moderately alluring. In addition, the store has a constant 401k retirement plan for workers. Every year, representatives are allowed the chance to purchase 1% of the Opening Ceremony stocks at a discou

Low Youth Engagement In New Zealand’s Political System †Samples

Question: Talk about the Low Youth Engagement In New Zealands Political System. Answer: Each country and its residents have the ability to pick their pioneers and vote based systems around the globe underlie this specific rule itself. These approaches target tending to the voters needs thus if there is any hole in the turnout of the voters from a specific age gathering, it will undoubtedly suggest that the practices have next to no or no constructive effect on the individuals for whom the progressions are thought of. This issue is looked if there should arise an occurrence of New Zealand, where the quantity of voters in the low age bunches is less in rate. Notwithstanding the way that turnout of the voters was pretty much high in the past appointment of New Zealand, the reality of concern is that the turnout of the adolescent, that is of the individuals matured between 18 to 24years was incredibly low contrasted with the turnout of all other age gatherings. The young people of the nation are slacking even as far as numbers enlisted to cast a ballot just as the number th at really turns up upon the arrival of casting a ballot. This is a noteworthy issue as the young are the fate of tomorrow and the plausible pioneers too the drivers of the world. The issues identifying with the low turn up of the adolescent in the races is certainly huge and worth considering. In the event that these issues are not tended to with adequate time close by, there is the chance of disappointment which can prompt the crippling of the nation over the long haul. It has been perceived as a huge issue by numerous and committed research is to be attempted by numerous individuals so as to comprehend the key purposes for this issue. In view of existing data just as the past number of inquires about directed, it has been discovered that few stages where actualized to expand the quantity of voters and make the democratic procedure simpler, just as available to all (Davis, Phyak Bui, 2012). The incorporation of big names in the democratic battles, the accessibility of enrolment frames in many drive-through joints, shopping buildings just as alcohol stores were the means taken to urge all voters to partake in the up and coming decisions, particularly the young. Innovation likewise assumed a significant job in the decrease of the openness just as the information obstruction as they gave a prepared access to those individuals having a web association. Person to person communication stages were additionally given gigantic measure of significance by the political pioneers so as to gather gratefulness from the young. The activities which were planned for tending to the detachment just as the absence of inspiration were done to direct a message among the young in regards to the way that the idea of casting a ballot isn't just a privilege yet in addition an obligation. Regardless of these endeavors there was no noteworthy improvement in the level of youth investment in the shafts. The issue looked by New Zealand is likewise looked by a few vote based systems today. Issues, for example, the particular non-voter sections, men talities just as physical hindrances have been recognized as adding to the low turnout of the voters including the young in New Zealand. The horrid cooperation of youth in the surveys of New Zealand is considered as a strategy issue as the young is the fate of any nation and if the adolescent don't partake, the chosen heads can't be supposed to be an impression of the outlooks of the adolescent. There are a few reasons which are accused for the low support of youth in the surveys. As per the overviews directed among the adolescent, they needed to state that a low degree of data is accessible about the legislative issues of the nation and the absence of legitimate correspondence is likewise another issue. Other than this, it very well may be said that the absence of youthful pioneers in the ideological groups likewise prompted the low degrees of cooperation of the young. It very well may be said in regards to this that the adolescent can't relate to the matured pioneers and so as to require the best possible cooperation of the youthful age bunch these current issues should be tended to. In association with fathoming th is critical issue, three significant plausible strategy choices are talked about (Kelsey, 2015). The principal significant approach choice is the best possible teaching of civics training in the schools with the goal that the adolescent are energized and drawn towards the democratic procedure since early on and comprehend the noteworthiness of their commitment in the democratic procedure. Mainstream pioneers just as experts need to state that the civics training in schools should concentrate on the idea that the democratic procedure and making ones choice is really a stage towards the effective running of a nation and can contribute towards making the general public a superior spot to live in (Colomer, 2016). Hence the incorporation of civics into the educational program ought to be made obligatory at all schools of New Zealand. The instruction about being a mindful resident, finding out about the citizenship in New Zealand, ought to be presented as a piece of the standard investigation. The hole between finding out about the nuts and bolts of society and its usage should be tri ed by the idea of casting a ballot (Palmer, 2004). As the young feel that the framework isn't working for them, the adolescent ought to be helped with seeing how the framework functions in support of them. Just if the adolescent feel that the democratic procedure commitment will assist them with profiting by it and their lives will be improved will they take part in the framework effectively (Bell, 2012). The following significant approach choice is the consideration of youthful lawmakers as the pioneers of the nation. As expressed by the adolescent in the overviews directed, the age hole among them and the pioneers don't help in the best possible correspondence of the points of the nation. The normal age of the individuals from the parliament is a lot higher than the normal age of the voter populace. Generally this occurrence happens because of the incorporation of experienced individuals in legislative issues who have followed picking up involvement with their vocations just as a demonstrated open standing (Hayward, 2015). The reality which is certain is the incorporation of those legislators whose socioeconomics are completely unrepresentative of the individuals. This is an immense explanation behind the non-casting a ballot position of the young. It isn't crooked to state that seeing individuals of comparative age gatherings and in a similar age in the parliament is a factor which will undoubtedly urge youngsters to cast a ballot. There are special cases anyway on the off chance that where the elderly folks individuals have additionally engaged the adolescent. Anyway incorporation of an ever increasing number of individuals in the parliament in the youthful age bunch will undoubtedly build the quantity of youthful voters investment in the decisions to come. The youthful pioneers help the young relate with them all the more effectively and guarantee them of having a voice in the parliament. Subsequently this can be considered as a critical strategy choice (Eichbaum Shaw, 2007). Another approach choice which is being considered on by the democratic procedure specialists is the chance of bringing down the democratic age. The current democratic age being 18 years is to be changed to the lower age of 16. 16 is the democratic age for some nations and is certifiably not an unjustifiable choice as it is by all accounts. Greater part of the pioneers anyway have disposed of the possibility of this decrease in the democratic age, as the necessary measure of development isn't achieved at 16 years old. While a few people contend this is the essential alternative, others feel that simply bringing down the democratic age isn't sufficient to get the adolescent inspired by the governmental issues of the nation. Rather the more profound discomforts should be fixed (Hayward, Wheen, 2016). The legislators should know about the distinction between their guarantees just as their real exhibitions so as to draw in the adolescent more (Ichilov, 2013). So as to comprehend whether the actualized approach choices are critical or fruitful, the primary concern to be done is to hang tight for the up and coming decisions, so as to comprehend the effect of the executed strategies. It additionally should be comprehended that the consequences of such strategies must be dissected over generally longer time ranges and the outcomes may not be promptly noticeable. Nonetheless, if a thought should be made with respect to the manner by which the actualized approaches are taking care of business, the most ideal alternative is to lead an overview. The review ought to be directed including the youngsters as the respondents so as to get a thought with respect to how they feel in regards to the new proposition for usage of the strategies. Contingent upon what the adolescent need to state, the specialists can change their recommendations for usage in like manner. It likewise should be comprehended that the current weight on the adolescent may not gener ally permit them to participate in exercises of their decision. It is in such cases that they can't partake in significant choices including the country. It very well may be presumed that the issue of low degrees of commitment of the adolescent should be tended to at the earliest opportunity. References: Ringer, S. (2012). The intensity of thoughts: The ideational molding of the auxiliary intensity of business.International Studies Quarterly,56(4), 661-673. Colomer, J. (Ed.). (2016).The handbook of appointive framework decision. Springer. Davis, K. A., Phyak, P., Bui, T. T. N. (2012). Multicultural training as network commitment: Policies and arranging in a transnational era.International Journal of Multicultural Education,14(3). Eichbaum, C., Shaw, R. (2007). Clerical counselors, politicization and the retreat from Westminster: The instance of New Zealand.Public Administration,85(3), 609-640. Hayward, J. (2015).New Zealand government and legislative issues. Oxford University Press Australia. Hayward, J., Wheen, N. (Eds.). (2016).The Waitangi Tribunal: Te Roopu Whakamana I te Tiriti o Waitangi. Bridget Williams Books. Ichilov, O. (2013).Citizenship and citizenship training in an evolving world. Routledge. Kelsey, J. (2015).The New Zealand explore: A world model for basic alteration?. Bridget Williams

Shareholder Theory vs Stakeholder Theory

Investor Theory versus Stakeholder Theory

Tips to Help You Write an Essay

Tips to Help You Write an EssayIt can be a difficult task, but you need to find the right steps to writing an essay. You need to consider what are the main areas of your education that will be covered in your essay. By knowing the main elements of your education, you will be better prepared to write the essay.First, you need to determine how long you are going to need the essay. Usually, students submit an essay after three semesters, usually four. Be sure to include this time frame in your outline. It is important that the essay is concise and that it includes all of the information that you learned during your first two years of study.Next, you need to decide which different topics you will cover in your essay. Many times, students do not even realize what they need to write about when they start writing. It is important that you know what the best topics are to focus on.It may be easier for you to write about a difficult topic. If you think you cannot write about that topic, then you can add other topics as well. It is always good to focus on several different topics to make the writing easier for you. This way, you will be able to write more of an essay in one sitting.Last, you need to use some sort of grammar check on your document. If you are using an online editor, this is even more important. Many times, the grammar checker will help you determine what words you should use and how many you should use. If you are using a word processor, then this feature will help you proofread your essay.After completing these tips, you can move on to selecting a style guide for the essay. There are many different styles available. It is important that you use a style guide that suits your writing style.Each style has different rules and regulations. You may need to study more than one style guide before you find one that works for you. Once you have this document, it is important that you format the documents properly.It may seem hard at first, but writing an essay is not nearly as hard as most people think. The best way to get started is to follow these simple steps to writing an essay. Once you get used to writing an essay, you will realize how easy it is.

An Idea Of Freedom In The US - Free Essay Example

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. This text is the first amendment of the United States constitution. The first amendment is arguably the most important amendment that we have because it talks about our freedom and our country was built on the idea of freedom. Without the freedom of speech we would have to leave our thoughts and ideas to ourselves. So what would the world be like without of freedom to speak our thoughts and ideas? It would probably be granted to those who obtain political power. Therefore the citizens cant object to their opinions. It sounds a lot like a monarchy doesnt it? The freedom of speech is a fundamental human right and it should be applied in every nation in the globe. It backs up all other human rights, allowing society to progress and develop. Free speech is the pathway to bringing essential change in a society. The freedom of speech is not just about your voice but hearing the voices around you to want to follow others and develop opinions. The freedom of speech right is cherished by all Americans. Enshrined in the First Amendment to the Constitution, freedom of speech grants all Americans the liberty to criticize the government and speak their minds without fear of being persecuted. Although in reality there are complex lines that can be drawn around what kinds of speech are protected and in what setting. In 1919 the Supreme Court declared in the case Schenck that individuals are not entitled to speech that presents a clear and present danger to society. For example an individual cannot yell there is a bomb on a plane and call it free speech. On the other hand, in 1969, the court declared that even inflammatory speech, such as racist language should generally be protected unless it is likely to cause imminent violence. While the principle of the First Amendment has stayed the same, the courts interpretation has indeed changed over time. Judges, lawmakers, and scholars continue to struggle with balancing strong speech protections with the necessity of maintaining a peaceful society.

Process Of Determining A Regression Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3039 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? The process of determining a regression or prediction equation to predict Y from X , with all the method of least squares. In the resulting regression line, the sum of the squared discrepancies between the actual dependent values and the corresponding values predicted by the line are as small as possible, hence the name least squares' (Hassard, 1991). The estimated regression equation is: Y = ß0 + ß1X1 + ß2X2 + ß3D + à ª Where the ßs are the OLS estimates of the Bs. OLS minimizes the sum of the squared residuals OLS minimizes SUM à ª2 The residual, à ª, is the difference between the actual Y and the predicted Y and has a zero mean. In other words, OLS calculates the slope coefficients so that the difference between the predicted Y and the actual Y is minimized. The residuals are squared so as to compare negative errors to positive errors more easily. The properties are: 1. The regression line defined by 1 and 2 passes through the means of the observed values 2. The mean of the predicted Ys for the sample will equal the mean of the observed Ys for the sample. 3. The sample mean of the residuals will be 0. 4. The correlation between the residuals and the predicted values of Y will be 0. 5. The correlation between the residuals and the observed values of X will be 0. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Process Of Determining A Regression Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Stationarity Stationarity can be defined as a time series yt is covariance (or weakly) stationary if, in support of if, its mean and variance are both finite and outside of time, and the auto-covariance doesnt overgrow time, for those t and t-s, 1. Finite mean E (yt) = E (yt-s) =  µ 2. Finite variance Var (yt) = E [(yt- µ) 2] = E [(yt-s  µ) 2] = 3. Finite auto-covariance Cov (yt, yt-s) = E [(yt- µ) (yt-s  µ)] = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ³s Non-Stationarity The variance is time dependent and visits infinity as time strategies to infinity. A time series which is not stationary depending on mean can be done stationary by differencing. Differencing is a popular and effective method of removing a stochastic trend from a series. Nonstationarity in a time series occurs individuals no constant mean, no constant variance or those two properties. It could possibly originate from various sources nevertheless the most crucial one is the unit root. Unit root Any sequence that contains one or more characteristic roots which can be comparable to is known as a unit root process. The most convenient model which will contain a unit root may be the AR (1) model. Look at the autoregressive process of order one, AR (1), below Yt = ÃÆ'†°Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¸Yt-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt Where ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt denotes a serially uncorrected white-noise error term which has a mean of zero and also a constant variance If ÃÆ'†°Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¸ = 1, becomes a random walk without drift model, that is certainly, a nonstationary process. 2, we face precisely what is called the unit root problem. This means that were facing a scenario of nonstationarity in the series. If, however, ÃÆ'†°Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¸ 1, then this series Yt is stationary. The stationarity on the series is essential because correlation could persist in nonstationary time series whether or not the sample is quite large and might end in what is called spurious (or nonsense) regression (Yule, 1989). The unit root problem can be solved, or stationarity can be performed, by differencing the info set (Wei, 2006). Testing of Stationarity If the time series features a unit root, the series is considered to be non-stationary. Tests which may be helpful to confirm the stationarity are: 1. Partial autocorrelation function and Ljung and Box statistics. 2. Unit root tests. To check the stationarity and when there may be presence of unit root inside the series, one of the most famous with the unit root tests are the ones derived by Dickey and Fuller and described in Fuller (1976), also Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) or said-Dickey test has become mostly used. Dickey-Fuller (DF) test: Dickey and Fuller (DF) considered the estimation of the parameter ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± from the models: 1. A simple AR (1) model is: yt à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  yt-1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¥ 2. Yt =  µ + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±yt-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt 3. Yt =  µ + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²t + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±yt-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt It si assumed that y0 = 0 and ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt ~ independent identically distributed, i.i.d (0, ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2) The hypotheses are: H0: ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± = 1 H1: |ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±| 1 The ADF test may be tested on at the least three possible models: (i) A pure random walk without a drift. This is defined by while using constraint ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±= 0, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² = 0 and ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ³ = 0. This may lead to the equation ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  yt = ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  yt-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt The Equation above is a nonstationary series because its variance grows with time (Pfaff, 2006). (ii) A random walk with a drift. This is obtained by imposing the constraint ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² = 0 and ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ³ = 0 which yields to the equation ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  yt = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± + ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  yt-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt (iii) A deterministic trend with a drift. For ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   0, becomes the following deterministic trend with a drift model ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  yt = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²t + ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  yt-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt The sign of the drift parameter (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±) causes the series to wander upward if positive and downward if negative, whereas the length of the value aspects the steepness of the series (Pfaff, 2006). Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF): Augmented Dickey-Fuller test can be an augmented version on the Dickey-Fuller test to accommodate some varieties of serial correlation and useful for an increased and much more complicated list of time series models. If you find higher order correlation then ADF test is used but DF is utilized for AR (1) process. The testing strategy of the ADF test matches for that Dickey-Fuller test but we look at the AR (p) equation: yt à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  t à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  y à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  iyt-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt Assume that there is for the most part one unit root, thus the operation is unit root non-stationary. After reparameterize this equation, we get equation for AR (p):  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  yt à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  t à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  yt-1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  i Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  yt-i à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¥t Each version from the test have their critical value which will depend on how big the sample. In each case, the null hypothesis is we have a unit root, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ³ = 0. Within tests, critical values are calculated by Dickey and Fuller and is also dependent upon whether it has an intercept and, or deterministic trend, be it a DF or ADF test. Test has problems. Its got low statistical power to reject a unit root, and power is reduced by having the lagged differences. The ADF test is also affected by size distortions that occur every time a large first-order moving average component exists inside the time series. Diebold and Rudebusch (1991) show the test has low power against the alternative of fractionally integrated series. Perron (1989, 1993) show that whenever a period of time series is generated by way of a procedure that is stationary in regards to broken trend, standard DF tests of an I(1) null might have very lower power. Alternatively, Leybourne, Mills and Newbold ( 1998) show that after a moment series is generated by way of a process that is I(1), however intense break, routine putting on the DF test may result in a severe problem of spurious rejection on the null when the break is at the outset of the sample period. Granger Causality test Granger (1980) Granger causality measures whether one thing happens before another thing and helps predict it and nothing else. Grangers definition1 for probabilistic causality assumes three basic axioms: (1) The cause must precede the effect in time, (2) The cause contains some unique information concerning the effects future value, (3) While the strength of causal relations may vary over time, their existence and direction are time-invariant (Granger, 1980; 1988a, b). The general definition for probabilistic causality: If F (Yt+jÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ut) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   F (YT+jÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ut Xt), Then Xt causes Yt+j; states that if the j-step-ahead (where j represents the time delay between the perceived cause and effect) conditional probability distribution (P) of random variable Yt+j in period t + j is changed by removal of X from the universal information set (U) existing in period 1, then X, causes U, would contain all possible information in existence up to and including period t. Xt, would contain all past and present values of variable X. The change would be due to some unique information Xt, has concerning Ys future distribution. If X occurs, and X and Y arc causally related, Ys probability of future occurrence changes. Note that Ut, includes Y, so that Xt, contains some information about the value of future Y not found in past or present Y (Granger, 1980; 1988a, b). The general definition implies that if a variable X causes variable Y, then if one is trying to forecast a distribution of future Y, one will frequently he better off using the information contained in past and present valu es of X (Granger, 1980; 1988a, b). GRANGER (1980), noting the absence of a universally accepted definition for causality, offered a probabilistic definition which he suggested might be useful in econometric research. Granger (1980) proposed two operational definitions which he derived from his general one. The first he referred to as causality-in-mean. The second he referred to as full causality or causality-in-distribution. Full causality is preferred to mean causality when decision-making populations are characterized by non-linear utility functions (Ressler and Kling, 1990). Ashley et al. (1980) proposed and applied a method of testing for a mean causal relationship between two variables. Given a prior belief that X caused Y, mean causality was inferred if the mean squared error of a one-step-ahead point forecast of Y from a bivariate model (an information set of past and present Y and X) was significantly less than that from a univariate model (past and present Y) over the sa me out-of-sample period. 1 Source TESTING FOR GRANGERS FULL CAUSALITY by Ted Covey and David A.Bessler 2Granger causality tests are mostly used in situations where we are willing to consider 2-dimensional systems. If the data are well described by a 2-dimensional system (no zt variables) the Granger causality concept is likely to be straightforward to think about and to test, noting that there are special problems with testing for Granger causality in co-integrated relations (see Toda and Phillips (1991). Engle and Granger A non-stationary time series of which exhibit a good-term equilibrium relationship tends to be said to become cointegrated. The potential of non-fixed time series to possibly be cointegrated was considered inwards 1970S by Engle and also Granger. Many people define cointegrated specifics in their own paper coming from 1987 in the following approach. Consider two non-stationary time series, yt and xt where each of the time series become stationary after differencing once, i.e. they are both are structured associated with, I(1). These non-stationary time series are then said to be cointegrated of order one-one, CI(1,1) if there exists a cointegrating vector ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± that in a linear combination of the two variables yields a stationary term ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¼t ~ I(0), in the regression ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¼t = yt ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±xt. Cointegration signifies that these kind of nonstationary specifics contribution an extended operate human relationship, and so the brand new time series from pairing the actual connected non-standing time serial is actually fixed, i.e. the this deviations have limited alternative and also a regular necessarily mean. On the whole, two series are cointegrated when they are both integrated of order d, I(d) along with a linear blend of them includes a lower order of integration, (d-b), where b0. Time series need to be non-stationary to allow them to be able to be cointegrated. Thus, one stationary variable and one non-stationary variable cannot have a long-term co-movement, because the first youve gotten a constant mean and finite variance, whereas your second one does not, hence the gap between your two will not be stationary. But, if there are more than two time series within a system, it is also possible to help them to have different order of integration. Consider three time series, yt ~ I (2), xt ~ I (2), qt ~ I(1). If yt and xt are cointegrated, to ensure that their linear combination brings about a disturbance term ÃƒÆ 'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¼t = yt ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±xt that is integrated of order 1, I(1), then it is potentially feasible that ut and qt are cointegrated with resulting stationary disturbance term st = qt ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²ut., where ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±,ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² are cointegrating vectors. Generally, with n integrated variables there can potentially exist nearly to n-1 cointegrating vectors. This does not necessarily mean that each one integrated variables are cointegrated. It is possible to find one example is a couple of 1(d) variables that is not cointegrated. If variables are integrated of different orders, they can be cointegrated. However, youll be able to have cointegration with variables of various orders. Pagan and Wickens (1989: 1002) illustrate this point clearly that its possible to uncover cointegration among variables of orders (when there are many than two variables). Enders (2004: 323) agrees with Pagan and Wickens (1989) it is possible to discover cointegration among sets of variables that are integrated of orders. This takes place when there are other than two variables. This is backed up by Harris (1995: 21). Vector Auto-regression (VAR) Vector autoregressions (VARs) were introduced into empirical economics by Sims (1980), who demonstrated that VARs offer a flexible and tractable framework for analyzing economic time series. Vector Auto-regression (VAR) can be an econometric model has been utilized primarily in macroeconomics to capture the connection and independencies between important economic variables. As outlined by Brooks and Tsolacos (2010) one benefit of VAR modeling is the fact that all of the variables are endogenous. Consequently organic meat is capable of capture more features of the results so we are able to use OLS separately on each equation. Brooks and Tsolacos (2010) also talk about Sims (1972) and Mcnees (1986) that VAR models often perform a lot better than traditional structural models. Additionally they indicate some disadvantages, one of these being that VAR models can be a-theoretical by nature. Lag-length determination is a concern critical to finding the most beneficial VAR specification. They cannot rely heavily on economic theory except for selecting variables to be within the VARs. The VAR can be viewed as a method of conducting causality tests, or even more specifically Granger causality tests. VAR can often test the Causality as; Granger-Causality makes it necessary that lagged values of variable X matched to subsequent values in variable Y, keeping constant the lagged values of variable Y and some other explanatory variables. In association with Granger causality, VAR model gives a natural framework to try the Granger causality in between each pair of variables. VAR model estimates and describe the relationships and dynamics of a set of endogenous variables. For a set of n time series variables yt = (y1t, y2t, ymt), a VAR model of order p (VAR (p)) can be written as: yt à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  A0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  A1 yt-1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  A2 yt-2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ®Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ®Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ®Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ap yt-p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¥t For just a set of n time series variables yt = (y1t, y2t, ymt), a VAR type of order p (VAR (p)) can be written as: yt = A0 + A1 yt-1 + A2 yt-2 + + Ap yt-p + et Where, p = the quantity of lags to get considered from the system. n = the amount of variables to become considered in the system. yt is definitely an (n.1) vector containing each of the n variables in the VAR. A0 is surely an (n.1) vector of intercept terms. Ai is usually an (n.n) matrix of coefficients. ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt is usually an (n.1) vector of error terms. A critical take into account the specification of VAR models will be the resolution of the lag length of the VAR. Various lag length selection criteria are defined by different authors like, Akaikes (1969) final pred iction error (FPE), Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) suggested by Akaike (1974), Schwarz Criterion (SC) (1978) and Hannan-Quinn Information Criterion (HQ) (1979). Impulse response functions An impulse response function (IRF) traces the consequences of the one-time shock one on the innovations on current and future values with the endogenous variables. If your innovations ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt is contemporaneously uncorrelated, the interpretation on the impulse fact is straightforward. The ith innovation ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µi, t is only a shock for the ith endogenous variable yi,t. In accordance with Runkle (1987), reporting impulse response functions without standard error bars matches reporting regression coefficients without t-statistics. In numerous empirical studies impulse response functions are already utilized to distinguish temporal from permanent shocks (Bayoumi and Eichengreen, 1994), in your case theyll be helpful to determine the extent to which every endogenous variable reacts for an innovation of each one variable. Traditionally, VAR studies do not report estimated parameters or standard test statistics. Coefficients of estimated VAR systems are thoug ht of little utilization in themselves plus the high (i.e. P ÃÆ'Æ’- (k ÃÆ'Æ’- k) autoregressive coefficients) number of them will not invite for individual reporting. Instead, the approach of Sims (1980) is usually employed to summarize the estimated VAR systems by IRF. IRF traces out of the effect of your exogenous shock or an innovation in the endogenous variable on each of the endogenous variables in the system as time passes, to provide an answer towards following question: Is there a effect of any shock of size ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ´ within the system at time t about the state with the system at time t + ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾, without other shocks? Especially, VARs impulse responses mainly examine the way the dependent variables respond to shocks from each independent variable. The accumulated link between units impulses are measured by appropriate summation with the coefficients of the impulse response functions (Lin 2006). However, Lutkepohl and Reimers (1992) stated the traditional impulse response analysis requires orthogonalization of shocks. And also the results vary with the ordering of the variables inside VAR. The greater correlations between residuals are, a lot more important the variable ordering is. So as to overcome this challenge, Pesaran and Shin (1998) developed the generalized impulse response functions which adjust the influence of any different ordering with the variables on impulse response functions. To spot orthogonalised innovations in each one of the variables as well as the dynamic responses to such innovations, the variance-covariance matrix from the VAR was factorized when using the Cholesky decomposition method suggested by Doan (1992). This process imposes an ordering on the variables within the VAR and attributes every one of the outcomes of any common components towards first variable within the VAR system. The impulse response functions are generated by way of a Vector Moving Average (VMA), a representation o f any VAR in standard form with regards to current and past values of the innovations (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt). We derive the VMA, assuming you can find just one lag without constant term. yt = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  0 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  1yt-1 +ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  1 is really a matrix of coefficients in the reduced form and ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  0 is usually a vector of constants. Lagging this method one period and substituting for yt-1: yt = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  0 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  1 (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  0 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  1 yt-2 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt-1) + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt = (I + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  1) ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  0 + t-2 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  1ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt if we go on substituting n times, eventually we have the following expression: yt = (I+ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  1 +ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ +0+t-n+1 + t-i

Kill or be Killed Child Soldiers Essay - 574 Words

â€Å"Children, you call them? They can pull a trigger just as well as veterans †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Colonel Marcus Cullen, War Hammer 40,000). People should question the world in which they live when a child is forced to become a soldier. Especially when the children are under the age of 18, they should not be required to fight. Many children who are demanded to fight are taken from their families. These young adolescents are mistreated; malnurtured, abused and the girls are usually used for sexual purposes. Everyday a child, from the regions in Africa, is recruited or abducted from their family to fight in an army. Children who are drafted to fight usually do not have parents and are older (The Situation). Some volunteer for income, food, or because they†¦show more content†¦The children are trained for two brutal months, and then are set out for combat. Hence the cruel training, war was not much prettier. Nearly 300,000 child soldiers are fighting under a commander today, thi s number grows every year as more and more children are captured (House). The reason for the use of a child in warfare is because they are easy to manipulate, and do not argue, as an adult would (House). There are several jobs for a child in war; they can be spies, servants, messengers and plainly for fighting (Steel). To keep the children from fear and sorrow, they are injected with a mixture of cocaine, alcohol and marijuana. Younger children are placed in the front of the army because they are the ones who carry the AK47s, and they do not show much grief (House). There are many girls recruited to be a child soldier as well, some are given to the boy soldiers or adults to become their wives (Steel). Girls make up about 30% of the child soldier population (Parry). Most of the young women were used for sexual purposes such as rape (Steel). Soon the girls would become mothers and would have another responsibility of feeding and caring for their children, most infants did not survive very long, or even get through the birthing stage (Steel). Due to the girls being pregnant, the lady soldiers suffered through diseases, starvation, neglect and much more (Steel). Girls were not the only ones who suffered through disease, the boys did as well. After children areShow MoreRelatedThe Fear of Child Soldiers in 3rd World Countries736 Words   |  3 Pages Child Soldiers How would you feel if your child was forcibly abducted from your home to be a soldier, and back in return you got 5$? This is one of the biggest fears for families in third world countries. Children are being used as soldiers, servants , and slaves against their will. Child soldiers has become a highly debated issue, due to the high popularity of Joseph Kony. Child soldiers is unfortunately accepted usually because of the economic needs of families needs to survive in poverty. ChildRead MoreThe Issue Of Child Soldiers1129 Words   |  5 Pagesage of 9. You had no place to go anyway, for the people in the army killed your parents to abduct you. You are forced to fight for them, even if you don’t want to. You cannot escape since they would possibly kill you if you were caught, and you can’t even share that information, they could kill you for knowing so much about punishment. One day, you are in the battlefield and you kill an American soldier since you were forced to kill. Suddenly, you are captured by the US government and taken into jailRead MoreLive Like a Soldier, Die Like a Child1386 Words   |  6 Pageswater† said Ishmael Beah, an ex-child-soldier, â€Å"children who refused to fight, kill or showed any weakness were ruthlessly dealt with.† As children’s involvement in armed conflict keeps on increasing, â€Å"Child Soldiers† becomes a more and more popular phrase on newspapers and news. Many, however, do no t have an insight view on what are actually behind simply â€Å"300,000 under-age, cold-blooded killers† (The Economist, Dec. 10th, 1998). A simple question â€Å"What do child soldiers fight for?† covers a vast rangeRead MoreTeaching Children to Kill in Africa1320 Words   |  5 Pagesanyone want a child to learn to kill? Teaching children to kill may seem like a savage thing from the past, but is still present today. In this modern age, children are still being recruited and forced to become child soldiers. Many military groups in Africa train their youth to kill anyone who is seen as an opponent. Forcing children to commit such atrocities violates their human rights. Military groups only give their child soldiers the bare necessities to survive. The events child soldiers go throughRead MoreChild Soldiers And Its Effects On Children1642 Words   |  7 Pages The former President of the Uganda People s Congress, Olara Otunnu, viewed the extensive use of child soldie rs as â€Å"compelled to become instruments of war, to kill and be killed, child soldiers are forced to give violent expression to the hatreds of adults,† (â€Å"Olara Otunnu, Advocate for Children s Rights†). Otunnu elaborates how children are unable to show fear or any other emotion that defines them as human, because they are forced to follow what their capturers tell them to do. Children in armedRead MoreA Long Way Gone By Ishmael Beah And The Movie Blood Diamond910 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome adult soldiers. 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There also should not be an international minimum ageRead MoreChildren As Instruments Of War1527 Words   |  7 Pages2016 Robbed Innocence: Children as Instruments of War Claim: Those so-called â€Å"child soldiers† shouldn’t be held accountable for their actions, because they are just innocent souls that are fighting in wars filled with violent, horrific and extremely dangerous incidents and sights, which shapes them into powerless and nameless individuals who are in a position where they have no logical awareness of. R1: Child soldiers are not morally responsible for their actions because countless numbers of thoseRead MoreA Long Way Gone Argument Essay examples990 Words   |  4 PagesEddie Salcedo Mr. Stone December 5, 2012 7th period A Long Way Until The End of This Essay The author of A Long Way Gone argues against boy soldiers but also against the loss of innocence. Beah’s parents are burned alive by the rebels; this is the first step towards his animosity towards them. In his story he talks about snorting brown brown, shooting men and how he was slowly corrupted by the men around him, turning him into a machine. It tells the story of a world as horrendous as anyRead MoreThe War Of A War1468 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause no one cares about the amount of innocent lives taken every day. The negative impact war poses on both civilians and soldiers does not receive proper attention from the media which causes society to be blinded by the true meaning behind war. Post traumatic stress disorder in war veteran’s string from multiple encounters. Most war veterans go in expecting to only kill the bad guys and defend their country. Being on the battle field causes intense pressure and fast reflex. The majority of individuals

What Is a Feature to an Archaeologist

A feature is a neutral term used by archaeologists to label anything such as stains, architectural elements, floral or final deposits, and artifact concentrations that are discovered during archaeological research that cannot immediately be identified. The idea of a feature is a function of how archaeological studies work: Many things uncovered in an excavation or on a  survey cannot be identified until much later, in the lab or after analysis, or maybe never. Features identified within archaeological excavations might include a group of artifacts found together, a patch of discolored soil, or a heap of unmodified rock. Features identified from aerial photography or field surveys might include odd patterns of vegetation growth or unexplained bumps or hollows in the earth. Why Call Something a Feature? Even if the archaeologist is pretty sure what an odd arrangement of stones means, he or she may designate it a feature anyway. Features generally have discrete vertical and horizontal boundaries. You need to be able to draw a circle around it to define what things are grouped together, but those boundaries could be a few centimeters or many meters long or deep. Designating something a feature allows the archaeologist to focus special attention on anomalies at a site, directing and delaying analysis until later when time and attention can be given to it. A feature which is a collection of stone artifacts may in the lab be identified as the remnants of a stone working location; a discoloration of soil could be anything from a storage pit for perishable foods to a human burial to a privy pit to a rodent burrow. Features identified from aerial photography might turn out upon testing or further examination to be ancient walls, which have stunted the growth of plant life; or merely a result of the farmers plowing technique.

Questions On Uranium And Uranium - 1567 Words

School of Engineering Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering NHM 412: Hydrometallurgy Hydrometallurgy assignment 2: by R. Chiradza 10145461 Supervisor/Module Coordinator: Dr. T. Coetsee Date of Submission: 11 May 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 2 Safety issues 1 3 Health issues 1 4 Environmental impact 1 5 Conclusion 2 6 References 2 7 Appendix A 3 8 Appendix B 4 1 Introduction Uranium should be produced in a safe, healthy and environmentally responsible way because this is important for consumers, producers and society as a whole. The production of uranium through hydrometallurgical processes such as leaching, ion exchange, solid-liquid separation and solvent extraction has not been without controversy, especially during the early stages of the industry. Nowadays, the industry has changed drastically and a lot more can be done to ensure that safety is a number one priority. 2 Safety issues The process of mining uranium releases radon into the atmosphere as well as other heavy metals if not properly managed. Radon is a colourless, tasteless gas and exposure to high levels can increase the chances of getting cancer. As a result, every country that has nuclear facilities, has regulations to ensure public land, air and water (both surface and groundwater) are protected now and in the future (Vance, 2014). The erosion of tailings and waste rock facilities has led to contaminants (either solid or in ground/surface water) enteringShow MoreRelatedNuclear Power Has Been Highly Controversial1525 Words   |  7 Pagesin the world, specifically uranium mining. Uranium mining is an option that was presented to the world for a source of nuclear weapons, nuclear medicine, as well as nuclear power. Uranium is a natural element, it has an average concentration of 2.8 per million in the Earth’s crust. Uranium is very abundant and is more plentiful than gold, silver, and mercury. The half-life of uranium-238 is 4.46 billion years, the half-life of uranium-234 is 245,000 years, and uranium-235 has a half-life of 704 millionRead MoreUranium in Geobacter and Its Effects Essay614 Words   |  3 Pagesto metabolize soluble uranium found in underground water sources. Uranium (U) is a radioactive element which in its soluble form (VI) causes a multitude of serious health conditions (Craft et al, 2 004). Uranium is present in the environment as a result of leaching from natural deposits and emissions from the nuclear industry (WHO, 2003). Uranium salts present in a water supply can be an extreme detriment to public health as the majority of human consumption of soluble uranium can occur through a contaminatedRead MoreGeobacters Effectivness in the Removal of Uranium Essay806 Words   |  4 Pageshave solved the age long question. They have decided that bacteria do so by a hair like pili. The pili acts much like a conductive wire, by transferring electrons. Geobacter Sulfurreduncen is one of the many bacteria that do so. The energy conducted by the pili, in turn powers the bacteria. Geobacter, for short, is able to both isolate and, in a sense, kill off uranium in contaminated ground water. So my question is, how effective would it be to clean out mass amount of uranium? First I had to learnRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1593 Words   |  7 PagesWhile some arg ue that Truman’s decision to drop the bomb was in America’s best interest, others question the ethics of dropping the most destructive weapon in the history of war on a city filled with innocent civilians (Pavlik 1995). In 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein. In this letter, Einstein outlined a new field of physics in which the element uranium could undergo nuclear fission, releasing an incredible amount of energy (Katayma, n.d). EinsteinRead MoreShould Nuclear Energy Be Produced Or Not?971 Words   |  4 Pagesand governments are looking for new and more sufficient sources of energy. Nuclear energy has drawn the global attention to itself recently. Nuclear energy is source of energy generated by breaking uranium atoms and releasing extremely large amount of energy (NEA 2014) (ENEC 2011). However, the question of should nuclear power be used or not arises when the worlds energy consumption is increasing at a significant rate. Some sources illustrate that nuclear power produces perilous radiations and itRead MoreThe Manhattan Conspiracy : Overview1489 Words   |  6 Pagesdrop of both of these Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs). Thus ended World War II. H owever, the United States did not have enough enriched Uranium for one bomb much less two. Where did the US obtain the enriched Uranium to accomplish this task? Did U-234 play a role in this conspiracy? U-234 The German Underwater boat was given only one mission-to transport uranium oxide to the Japanese forces. 294 feet long and 22,000 tons fully loaded, was one of the titans of the German undersea fleet; it had surfacedRead MoreThe Disaster Of Nuclear Reactors1057 Words   |  5 PagesRadioactivity, n.d.). Most power reactors use water as a coolant, in light-water reactors, the core is surrounded by the coolant under pressure. The nuclear fuel contains uranium that contains 2 to 4 percent uranium-235. For fuel rods the uranium is changed to uranium dioxide (Nuclear Energy, n.d.). Heat is created by the uranium-235 atoms splitting which is called fission then steam is made which spins a turbine to drive a generator and produces electricity, this is a nuclear reaction. FukushimaRead MoreNuclear Power And Nuclear Energy1637 Words   |  7 Pageswhich atoms are split, producing heat, which boils water. The steam then turns a turbine to produce electricity. While fission is involved in nuc lear bombs, the process in each are both different. The ‘fuel’ used for this process is Uranium-235, an isotope of uranium. Nuclear energy, contrary to popular belief, does not describe the horrible power of nuclear explosive, but the calculated, safe procedure of releasing the fundamental power of the atom. The pros of nuclear energy firmly outweigh theRead MoreThe Power of the Radioactive Atom1410 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing such a powerful force but if handled properly, nuclear reactions can be as safe as chemical reactions handled in the lab. Even mining uranium is safe. The U3O8 is only mildly radioactive. (The radiation level one metre from a drum of freshly-processed U3O8 is about half that - experienced from cosmic rays - on a commercial jet flight.) (â€Å"How Uranium† 5). With such precautions like the high pressure coolant injection system that pumps coolant whenever there is a high temperature reading orRead MoreThe P5 + 1 Agreement With Iran1654 Wor ds   |  7 PagesIran, that can limit their nuclear abilities, as displayed in the past. The deal brings forth rather easy sanctions relief for Iran, limits uranium enrichment to a certain extent where Iran can still produce nuclear weaponry, and reduces the enriched uranium stockpile that can be sold for more natural uranium which can be used to produce more enriched uranium with its ability to still develop advanced centrifuges. The issues lies within the broad and quite loosely held terms of this agreement. Knowing

The Issue Of Bipolar Disorder - 755 Words

The journal articles in which my reaction will be based upon are: Definitional Issues in Bipolar Disorder Across the Life Cycle (Youngstrom 2009) and Advancing Research in Early-Onset Bipolar-Barriers and Suggestions (Carlson 2009). These two articles both had in common a specific implication of a particular issue. The main issue that caught my attention is the controversy of a doctors ability to diagnose a child with bipolar disorder. Many years ago diagnosing a child as bipolar was a rare and almost an unseen event. In recent years the number has more then doubled in the amount of children now diagnosed with the disorder. This over diagnosing of children can become dangerous especially when the child is placed on medication that could be harmful across their lifespan. There is a lack of research to identify, describe, assess and diagnose cases of early onset of bipolar disorder in children. We are giving children this serious label without even being sure what the researchers want to name it. Is it called pediatric or juvenile BP, prepuberty, or pubertal BP? These names also may not refer to any of the same conditions. Then researchers came up with a broad term so doctors don t have to be as specific about the symptoms, so they called is Early Onset Bipolar. â€Å"Researchers differ on how they elicit, assess, characterize, and count criteria†(AACAP pg. 5). It is my belief that we are lacking research in child bipolar cases because this is a rare disorder seen in children.Show MoreRelatedBipolar Disorder And Mental Health Issue1619 Words   |  7 Pages The word â€Å"bipolar† is commonly tossed around in our daily vocabulary to simply describe a person who is overly moody and easily irritated. However, the implications of the mental health issue, that is bipolar disorder, is much more complex than is implied. Bipolar disorder was first discovered in 1851 by French psychiatrist Jean-Pierre Falret who described the condition as â€Å"la folie circulaire† which literally translates to circular insanity (SeddlerRead MoreSocial And Legal Issues Surrounding Bipolar Disorder1683 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Bipolar disorder is a psychological diagnosis that tends to present episodes of depression and mania, thus the name manic-depression (Corry, 2010). This brain disorder causes strange mood changes, changes in routine activities and energy shifts. People suffering from bipolar disorder tend to exhibit instances of antisocial and violent behavior as they relate to people; this makes them extremely volatile and dangerous both to themselves and those close to them (Rose, 2007). The followingRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Depression And Depression1591 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar disorder is a mental disorder characterized by an alternating or shift in moods of elevation and depression. It is also known as manic depression. This mental illness is that brings severe high and low moods, it can cause changes in sleep, energy, thinking, and behavior. â€Å"Bi† which means two or alternating between two, explains the two common episodic moods that occur in individuals with this disorder; m ania and depression. According to the DSM there are multiple forms of bipolar disorderRead MoreBehavioral Therapy And Interpersonal -social Rhythm Therapy909 Words   |  4 Pagesmerriam-webster.com, bipolar is defined as having or marked by two mutually repellent forces or diametrically opposed natures or views. Similarly, Bipolar disorder is when has alternating sessions of depression and manic. Bipolarity is one the many mood disorders which belongs in the category of clinical syndromes in the classification of disorders (Weiten 605). Although the cause is not yet clear, it has many symptoms and two of the therapies that are used to treat bipolar disorder are Cognitive-behavioralRead MoreThe Problem With Bipolar Disorder1555 Words   |  7 PagesThere has been a spike in adolescents being diagnosed with bipolar disorder over the last decade, which has caused the controversy on whether there is a bipolar disorder â€Å"epidemic† or not. Although there are obstacles in bei ng diagnosed with bipolar disorder that may interfere with one’s everyday life, such as: manic episodes, mood swings, restlessness, impulsivity, potential harm to you and others, and much more. With the epidemic, it has raised the concern on whether people are being properly diagnosedRead MoreManagement of Bipolar Disorder in Adults and Diagnosis in Adolescent Children726 Words   |  3 Pages Management of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder when individuals experience episodes of mania and depression. The medications used in treating bipolar disorder have been effective when properly diagnosed, but there is a risk of suicide while undergoing therapy. Treatments for bipolar disorder our on the market but they can only treat the mania or the depression, which is why the patient needs to be under supervision. When a person does not followRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1441 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar disorder is a chemical imbalance in the mind that has yet to be unwound; it causes numerous emotional episodes that can happen immediately without a word. With a number of mental illnesses to diagnose them, it requires significant time and perception with a health care provider. Treatment is additionally a viewpoint that takes arranging and reflection, generally on how the patient feels in response to the solution that they are taking and different types of treatment. Albeit, bipolar disorderRead MoreTreatment For Middle Aged African American Women With Bipolar Disorder849 Words   |  4 Pageswomen with bipolar disorder What is it? Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by drastic mood swings ranging from immense euphoria to extreme depression. People with bipolar disorder are likely to experience a lack of energy, participation in normal social activities, and the ability to complete daily routines. This can cause interpersonal relationships and work-life to suffer. They may also have strong thoughts of death or suicide, or suicide as a result of bipolar disorder. The causeRead MoreBipolar Disorder. Bipolar Disorder Also Known As Manic1598 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder also known as manic depression that causes multiple unusual mood swings; dealing with manic highs and depressive lows. It may also affect their ability to do everyday tasks. When depressed, there is a sense of hopelessness and sad. Even in regular activities person with disorder will lose interest. Person will deal with low energy and low energy. Also, they may deal with a feeling of euphoria, full of energy. These patterns will cause the person to lose sleep, affectingRead MoreBipolar Disorder, Formerly Known As Manic-Depression, Is1359 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar disorder, formerly known as manic-depression, is a mental disorder. This disorder causes the individual to experience severe mood swings, from elation to depression. Individuals with bipolar disorder can experience serious changes in thinking, energy and behaviour. The different states of those with bipolar experience are referred to as ‘episodes’. These episodes can last days, weeks or mont hs, depending on the severity of the episode. There are three main types of episodes, they are mania

Conservation Essay Example For Students

Conservation Essay Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who did work on the development of intelligence in children. His studies have had a major impact on the fields of psychology and education. Piaget liked to call himself a genetic epistemologist (is a person who studies the origins of human knowledge) His theories led to more advanced work in child psychology. Piaget does work involving both experimental and observational methods. Piaget believed that from birth humans are active learners, he also believed that cognitive development occurs in four stages. Stage I, sensorimotor intelligence (birth-2 years), takes the child from unrelated reflexive movements to behavior that reflects knowledge of simple concepts. During this stage, the child learns about himself and his environment. Thought derives from sensation and movement. The child learns that he is separate from his environment and that aspects of his environment his parents or favorite toy continue to exist even though they may be outside the reach of his senses. Teaching for a child in this stage should be geared to the sensorimotor system. You can modify behavior by using the senses: a frown, a stern or soothing voice all serve as appropriate techniques. .

Public Health The Young Adults of America

Question: Write an OP-Ed Article and advocacy letter? Answer: OP-Ed Article Substance abuse is not something new among the young adults of America. Apart from the regular drug abuse, prescription drug abuse is also progressing among the age population of 18-25. However, for arguments sake, let us discuss the situations where an addict may safely take drugs without causing any harm to him or the society. For the argument, we need to identify the cause of taking the drug and the reason for the pursuit of pleasure they give. Human beings need pleasure along with the daily routine of life. There are various forms of pleasure like fashion, art, music, etc (Vrecko, 2013). These alter the brain chemistry and pleasure is derived from a unique experience. The use of the recreational drug is another form of pleasure and if other forms of pleasures are permissible, then drug use should be permitted. If the individual taking drugs know his responsibility level and have a strong grip on his cognitive abilities, then he can well enjoy recreational drugs without posing any danger (The University of Toledo News Releases, 2016). The above argument was done with the assumption that recreational drugs are harmless to the user. But that is not the fact. Drug addiction can cause a range of disorders to the user which includes brain damage, organ damage and death. According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2.3 million adolescents aged 12 to 17 used illicit drugs in 2014 (Rigg, 2015). Heroin is a member of the opioid family that is known in medical practice for its use as a painkiller, cough suppressant and anti-diarrheal. However, it is also used as a recreational drug that gives a euphoria pleasurable sensation. It can be found in different forms of powders as illicit drugs in white and brown colors. Heroin addicts can inject the drug, smoke or snort the drug. Heroin use is associated with wide range of complications and diseases that include cardiovascular disease, stroke, lung disease, cancer, HIV and hepatitis. It has been estimated that in 2014, 1.3 million adolescents had such disorders. Accor ding to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), in 2014, about 435,000 Americans have used heroin in the year 2013. This number has been increasing since 2007 showing an upward trend. Regarding Toledo area, Heroin is considered one of the drugs available abundantly at the University of Toledo (Tavolacci et al., 2013). Heroin nowadays has different street names. Commonly used names are boy, China, dog, dog food, dope, food and papers. It sells at the cost of $10 per gram. Heroin-related mortality has doubled in the year 2015. Around 145 cases were reported with 46 deaths related to heroin in 20 Toledo-area counties (High School and Youth Trends, 2016). The University of Toledo promotes an academic and work environment that is free from misuse and illegal use of heroin and other drugs, by all the laws and regulations of the country. Heroin abuse poses a threat to health to all the members of the university. So the university community has laid down policies to control, prevent and mitigate abuse of heroin and other substances (Youssef Sari, Ph.D., 2016) But what if any student overdoses heroin and falls sick? To counter such emergencies, the University of Toledo conducts training courses, especially for the medical students. Simulated environments were created to train the students how fatal it can get to abuse heroin and what are the measures to be taken in case of the heroin overdose (Jalal, Daher Hilu, 2013). After the completion of the training, the students were urged to suppress the natural tendency to get addicted to these recreational drugs. It has also been decided that Naloxone, the common antidote for an overdose of heroin, will be made widely available to the healthcare professionals and users of Ohio and University of Toledo. Several drug stores and pharmacies will be keeping the stocks of this antidote to face emergencies. However, there have been objections from the medical and law professional bodies regarding the available dispensing of Naloxone to the public (CDC, 2012). Advocacy Letter To, Date: xx/xx/xxxx XXXXXX, XXXXXXX. Sub: Advocacy letter for heroin use in the University of Toledo I am a resident of your area and would like to present to you a problem that is worrying the students and faculties of the University of Toledo in recent times. The problem is the Heroin use among University students in Toledo, OH, USA is progressing as a menace for the students and has its destructive effects on the society. It is According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health; 2.3 million adolescents aged 12 to 17 used illicit drugs in 2014. Sir, as a resident of this locality, I would like you to improve and develop the present situation and help the University to build up a drug-free academic environment. I need you to develop a program for facing this problem of heroin abuse. You can have my extended support on the provided contact information for any help and inquiry needed. It has been estimated that in 2014, 1.3 million adolescents had disorders related to heroin and other drug abuse. Heroin is considered one of the drugs available abundantly at the University of Toledo. Heroin nowadays has different street names. Commonly used names are boy, China, dog, dog food, dope, food and papers. It sells at the cost of $10 per gram. Heroin-related mortality has doubled in the year 2015. Around 145 cases were reported with 46 deaths related to heroin in 20 Toledo-area counties. Therefore, as a student of public health and being a responsible citizen, I would like to seek your help for counter-action of this problem of heroin addiction among the students of the University of Toledo by developing programs. These development programs have to be designed and implemented by you along with the active participation from our side. We will, however, like to start with campaigns promoting the potential hazards of drug abuse, followed by a strict ban on the unauthorized sell of heroin. These can be well arranged and managed by you, which will ultimately benefit the students. Sir, I would request you kindly focus on the problem as it a potent threat to the life of the students of the university. In addition, the activity of drug peddlers can also affect the locality severely. Please do revert for any further information. I sincerely thank you for your time and consideration. Yours Sincerely, XXXXX XXXXX References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC. (2012). CDC grand rounds: prescription drug overdoses-a US epidemic.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report,61(1), 10. High School and Youth Trends. (2016).Drugabuse.gov. Retrieved 10 March 2016, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/high-school-youth-trends Jalal, S., Daher, E., Hilu, R. (2013). A case of death due to ibogaine use for heroin addiction: Case report.The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions,22(3), 302. Rigg, K. (2015, November). Comparing the Characteristics of US Adult Heroin Users and Prescription Opioid Misusers. In143rd APHA Annual Meeting and Exposition (October 31-November 4, 2015). APHA. Tavolacci, M. P., Ladner, J., Grigioni, S., Richard, L., Villet, H., Dechelotte, P. (2013). Prevalence and association of perceived stress, substance use and behavioral addictions: A cross-sectional study among university students in france, 2009-2011.BMC Public Health,13, 724. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-724 The University of Toledo News Releases. (2016).Wordpress.utoledo.edu. Retrieved 10 March 2016, from https://wordpress.utoledo.edu/newsreleases Vrecko, S. (2013). Just how cognitive is cognitive enhancement? On the significance of emotions in university students experiences with study drugs.AJOB neuroscience,4(1), 4-12. Youssef Sari, Ph.D.. (2016).Utoledo.edu. Retrieved 10 March 2016, from https://www.utoledo.edu/pharmacy/depts/pharmacology/faculty-YSari.html

Essay Sample That Require Students To Explain Challenges

Essay Sample That Require Students To Explain ChallengesEssay sample that requires students to explain challenges is really an excellent way to complete a first year composition course. Students learn this important skill through working with the essay assignment itself and then working with the sample and the instructor to see how the students interpret the assignment. The lesson can be applied in other courses throughout the college career, but it can also be used in an early senior essay.Writing an essay, as the name implies, is often associated with the first few years of the student's life, but students may find it difficult to write one as an adult. Because of the long years of schooling that students have gone through, they may have developed a number of reading and writing skills that are difficult to duplicate in college. This is when it helps to take advantage of the opportunities in the writing samples that are available.Although students understand the learning strategies involved in the writing process, they tend to miss these because they are often preoccupied with their own lives. This is especially true for those who are constantly looking for new jobs or applying for college classes. As the saying goes, time is money, and as students come to terms with the fact that their schooling is only going to last them until graduation, they realize that they need to come up with ways to raise money quickly.Essay samples that require students to explain challenges in essay format can be very helpful in this respect. In the majority of cases, students will need to describe what took place in the writing process. In other words, they will need to write a narrative about what they did or said in order to get the point across to the reader.The student should be able to effectively follow the essay writing process. Of course, the writer should not be required to use all of the steps described in the essay writing style guide, but the student should at least un derstand the basics. This can help the student to hone in on the proper procedure when he or she completes the assignment.Students should use the essay writing samples available to clarify what steps were taken and when they were taken. This is important so that they will know what to do in each situation. Students should also be able to explain what happened before and after the steps were taken.In this regard, the essay sample that students work with should explain in great detail what happened before the essay is written. This information should also be available at the beginning of the course, but in many cases it is only part of the lesson. The instructor will need to provide specific instructions regarding the importance of this material.In addition, the lesson can also include instruction on appropriate learning techniques. For example, students will need to follow these steps if they want to complete the entire assignment. This is important because it is very common for stud ents to complete the essay only to find that there are issues with the structure, the grammar, or the spelling.

Biology Project Essays - RTT, Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases

Biology Project Biology Project Bronchitis Bronchitis is an infection of the larger air passages in the lungs. When bronchitis is in your system it connects to the trachea, and gives you a persisting cough. This makes you cough up phlegm as well as sputum. This infection is acquired in mostly babies, smokers, and the elderly. CAUSES- there are many causes for bronchitis the main one is smoking. Getting a cold or the flu are two more possible ways to get bronchitis. Bronchitis is more common to someone who gets the flu rather than a cold. Viral infections trigger the airways to make it more difficult to breathe. There is two different types of bronchitis: Acute and Chronic, Acute is more of a sudden on set and short duration. This is normally a complication of a viral infection such as a cold or the flu.

Following the Path of a Diversional Therapist A Case Study

Following the Path of a Diversional Therapist A Case Study Introduction: South Eastern Sydney Local Health District Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Following the Path of a Diversional Therapist: A specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More NSW Health. South Eastern Sydney local health district. Retrieved from http://nswhealth.erecruit.com.au/ViewPosition.aspx?id=145707 The chosen organization can be referred to as the St. George Hospital of the South Eastern Sydney Local Health District. It is a state organization that provides healthcare services to the citizens of Sydney. As one might have already guessed from its title, the organization is located in the southeast of Sydney. South Eastern Sydney local health district (2013). Retrieved from Google Earth. Philosophy, Mission and Policies The philosophy of the given organization is not known as widely as one might want it to; however, according to what the people working at the hospital say, their mission statement can be summa rized in the following words: â€Å"we are all here to provide the best care possible within those limitations and patients are our number one priority† (About St. George Hospital, 2008, March 25). The hospital provides a wide range of services to a number of patients of different age, gender and social/ethnical background. To define its basic purpose, the hospital officials declare that they can be called a â€Å"designated major trauma service† (About St. George, 2010, June 16).Advertising Looking for case study on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More SESLHD and Ethics St. George also has a range of peculiar policies and principles. Among the most notable ones, the mobile heritage principle, which works not only for St. George, but also for the rest of the hospitals belonging to the South Eastern Sydney local health district in general. The staff, as well as the head of the district, must take proper care not only of the equipment and the heritage belonging to the hospital, but also about â€Å"any natural or manufactured object of heritage significance† (South Eastern Sydney Area Health Service, 2001, iv) within SHE, in accordance with the given principle. As for the principles and policies on patients treatment, St. George staff is supposed to provide each of their patients with the due care and decent services, striving for the well-being of each patient and addressing each health issue individually (Lindorff, 2010). With the latest resources at hand, be it surgical, therapeutic or pharmaceutical ones, the South Eastern Sydney local health district can offer its patients the most efficient medical assistance. The corporate culture of the organization is also quite peculiar. As it has been stressed above, the SESLHD Organization strives for the well-being of each of its clients and, therefore, maintains a specific corporate culture. â€Å"New employees in SESLHD MHS may need to be paired with a more experienced member of staff to act as a guide to the workplace and the corporate culture† (SESLHD policy cover sheet, n. d., 2). Goals and Rationale However, when it comes to defining the issues within the hospital setting, one must mention that some of the effects of the current management processes leave much to be desired. Because of the lack of cooperation between the members of the staff, which must have been spawned by the cultural differences between the younger trainees and the older staff, there are considerable disagreements concerning the methods of tending to the needs of the autistic patients (Olmstead et al., 2012). By developing a strong program that will help the staff feel more integrated, one can possibly shape the existing method of autistic patients treatment so that it could bring more fruitful result (Lobas, 2006). Management Plan Management As it has been stressed, the selected environment can be defined as th e SESLHD nursing care and patient treatment. Both the nursing staff and the patients are going to be involved into the experiment for the program to work both in favor of the patients and he staff. Seeing how the age gap seems to be the basic problem, the environment can be defined as human and socio-cultural one.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Following the Path of a Diversional Therapist: A specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When it comes to picking the leadership style, it is important to keep in mind that not only the process of training, but mainly the relationships between the staff members should be changed. Therefore, it will be necessary to reinvent the employees’ perception of training, as well as the attitude of the senior members of the organization to the trainees. Therefore, the transformational leadership seems to be the most reasonable option (Luzinski, 2011). That being said, it will also be required to introduce a role model for the senior employees and the trainees to follow. Thus, charismatic leadership model will be required as well (Levay, 2010). It is crucial that the elements of quality management should also be integrated into the program. As it has been stressed previously, patients are the focus of the given plan, and their progress is what one has to keep an eye on (Cherian Jacob, 2011). That being said, he relationships between the staff must also be coordinated to achieve better results. For the given purpose, the principle of knowledge sharing must be employed (Blyth, 2005). By establishing the principles of clarity and providing the staff with the ability to access information on any patient, one will be able to provide better quality and implement the program in a more efficient way. As the job description states, the program has to address the needs of the patients of the mental ward; therefore, it will be required to shape it in order to make it w ork within the aforementioned setting. Monitoring In order to provide efficient monitoring of the activities, which are carried out to improve the state of the patients with acute mental disorders, primarily neuroses and psychoses, it will be necessary to make sure that the actions of the team of specialist are well coordinated. Therefore, it is curial that the system of knowledge sharing should be integrated into the monitoring process. Presupposing that the data shuld be stored in a single database, which every member of the team should have an access to, it will help make the process more cohesive and balanced. In addition, it is crucial that the results of the activities carried out to improve the state of the patients should be recorded properly. Therefore, it is mandatory that daily reports on the results of the daily activities should be filed by every member of the team into the database. Assessment When it comes to the assessment of the progress that the patients will have made by the end of the given program, it is necessary to stress that the way in which the patients’ well-being is going to be assessed when the program is over depends greatly on their current state.Advertising Looking for case study on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Seeing how mental disorders remain one of the most complicated ones to deal with, it is required to take into account that in most cases, the disease will not be cured completely. In addition, the performance of the patients may vary depending on the severity of their disease, their age, hereditary diseases, etc. Nevertheless, the assessment rubrics can still be provided. It is imperative that the assessment rubrics should follow the DSM-V principles, seeing how there have been several important amendments made to the previous DSM in 2013. Therefore, the assessment must be based on the following elements: Categorical diagnosis The mental problem of the patient is defined and the proper treatment is prescribed. Functional diagnosis The basic ability of the patient to recognize, perform and make commands is evaluated. Follow-up Needless to say, it is mandatory to keep an eye on the patients and their state of health even after they will have recovered, for the instances of recidivism are especially dangerous when it comes to mental issues. Hence, it will be necessary to make sure that the patients will be doing just as well in the traditional setting as they do in the hospital. The follow-up can be provided by scheduling a series of appointments with the healthcare team. Despite the fact that during the first several visits, there might be no problems spotted, it is essential to encourage patients or their family to make sure that the patient attends the appointments. Thus, a case of recidivism can be spotted at the earliest stage and cured efficiently. Feedback By far the most important part of the given process, the procedure of gathering feedback must be approached with all due seriousness and attention. Activities Since the selected target group suffers from autistic spectrum disorders, it is important to make sure that the patients should develop their communication skills firsthand. Transition activities One of the most peculiar features of people with aut istic spectrum disorders concerns their ability to be engulfed by a specific activity that they are ready to perform over and over again. The given specifics, however, presupposes that the transition from the specified activity to other ones is very hard for autistic people to carry out. Therefore, one of the basic activities of the training program will include practicing the skill of transiting from one task to another. Sensory-feedback activities According of the existing researches, it is crucial that autistic people should have a strong link to reality, which can be established by helping the patients communicate their experiences of getting in touch with the outside world. Therefore, the activities in which the patients have to recognize a shape, a color, a taste, etc., by using all of their four senses, will be encouraged in the training program. Evaluation Seeing how the patients that have enrolled into the program have different diagnoses and were at different stages of aut ism development, the evaluation of the patients and their progress should be carried out at different levels and with the specifics of each patient’s character and severity of disorder taken into account (Kendrick, 2011). As it has been stressed, in most cases, the progress of the patients will have to be evaluated separately, since their cases are very individual. Therefore, it will be necessary to develop two types of assessment rubrics, i.e., the general one that will allow defining whether the person in question can be classified as a person with mental issues, and the assessment that will help evaluate a personal progress of each patient. Below are the rubrics for the general evaluation: Procedures Performance Good Satisfactory Not satisfactory (needs improvement) Poor (patient’s condition deteriorated) Behavioral social skills The patients are capable of communicating their requests, as well as understand and fulfill ones. The patients are capable of comm unicating most of their requests, as well as partially understand and fulfill ones. The patients fail to communicate some of their requests, as well as understand and fulfill several ones. The patients are incapable of communicating their requests, as well as understand and fulfill ones. Individual psychotherapy skills The patients are capable of performing the basic everyday tasks. The patients are capable of performing most of the basic everyday tasks. The patients fail to perform some of the basic everyday tasks. The patients fail to perform most of the basic everyday tasks. In the course of the assessment, the patients’ ability to carry out the tasks and activities that they are assigned with is compared to the assessment results. Comments Addressing the needs of the patients with mental issues is an especially challenging task, seeing how it involves not only analyzing both the outside and inside factors that have affected the patient and led to the current state of mental degradation, but also the specifics of the patients’ temper. The given experience has helped me realize how the process of adressign mental healthcare issues is carried out in hospital settings and what practical challenges a diversional therapist can possibly face in the course of the treatment procedure. The given experience has a comparatively big value in that it helps define the challenges that a diversional therapist is most likely to face in the course of the project implementation, such as different stages of mental breakdown that patients have and the need to bend the existing treatment plan in order to help all patients, the necessity to keep the follow-up record on the patients and make sure that the possibility of instances of recidivism is driven to nil, etc. Rethinking the given experience, I must admit that it has helped me define my future goals. Now that I know what diversional therapist’s responsibilities include and, more importantly, what a diversional therapist can accomplish and how he or she can help patients with mental issues, I realize that I may devote my life to helping people as a diversional therapist in the future. Reference List About St. George (2010, June 16). 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